You'll notice in the new video posted:

If I enter a build block, I can manipulate blocks on the planet's structure. When I exit the build block, I still cannot manipulate anything in person. If I enter a ship core, then exit the ship core, I can now manipulate blocks again and use the transporter for a back-and-forth trip before the cycle repeats itself.

This is happening on an Ubuntu Linux 64-bit server. The video will show you beaming from a docked platform on the planet, to a docked platform ~400m above. Both pads are technically docked to the planet. It always works the first time going pad a, to pad b, then back to pad a, but then stops functioning. The video shows me beaming from pad a, to pad b, removing blocks (successfully), then beaming back to pad a, then I cannot remove any blocks and the pad also will not function to let me transport.

Similar to @Phocian, I was standing inside of a tower attached to my homeworld. A turret from below the tower fired a missile salvo at a pirate ship when the tower was in its line-of-sight. I was killed inside the tower. So I assume the blast radius of the missiles penetrated the tower even though it's invulnerable (and has shields). Is this the desired effect? I know it's a friendly fire incident, but it shouldn't be happening through a structure that's invulnerable and/or shielded.

@SmilingDemon - I've logged in several times after the second login, and it appears everything continues to work as normal. It looks like this happens to each player the first time they connect. The second and subsequent logins are normal.

I did @psycommando Test #4 - fresh install. However, I'm not familiar with how to load a map without causing an update/conversion...
This is the process I followed:

Here is the version 0.19361 map that shows the corruption in sector 8, 8, 5. The green planet Terra is now a large ball of light with a shop. The blue planet on the sector map was an ice world - it no longer exists when you fly to it.

This is the version 0.19318 map that I have confirmed works from backup on Linux or Windows when using version 0.19318 of StarMade. I will post the version 0.19361 shortly, along with screenshots of the corrupted sector.